symptom of kidney stones : Urinary retention

Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. It is a common complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy (also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), although anticholinergics may also play a role, and requires a catheter. Various medications (e.g. some antidepressants) and recreational use of amphetamines are notorious for this.
Signs and Symptoms
Urinary retention is characterised by poor urinary stream with intermittance, straining, a sense of incomplete voiding and urgency. As the bladder remains full, it may lead to incontinence, nocturia (need to urinate at night) and high frequency.

In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause:

Bladder stones
Loss of detrusor muscle tone (atonic bladder is an extreme form)
Hydronephrosis (congestion of the kidneys)
Hypertrophy of detrusor muscle
Diverticula in the bladder wall (leads to stones and infection)
Causes
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies
Congenital urtheral valve abnormalities
Detrusor muscle dyssynergia

Diagnostic tests
Uroflowmetry may aid in establishing the type of micturition abnormality. A post-void residual scan may show the amount of urine retained. Determination of the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may aid in diagnosing or ruling out prostate cancer. Urea and creatinine determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage.


Treatment
In acute urinary retention, urinary catheterization or suprapubic catheterization instantly relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. Benign prostatic hypertrophy may respond to alpha blocker and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy, or surgically with prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

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