symptom of kidney stones : Secondary Prevention

Preventive strategies include dietary modifications and sometimes also taking drugs with the goal of reducing excretory load on the kidneys:[3]

Drinking enough water to make 2 to 2.5 litres of urine per day.
A diet low in protein, nitrogen and sodium intake.
Restriction of oxalate-rich foods and maintaining an adequate intake of dietary calcium is recommended. There is no convincing evidence that calcium supplements increase the risk of stone formation.
Taking drugs such as thiazides, potassium citrate and allopurinol depending on the cause of stone formation.
Certain foods may increase the risk of stones: spinach, chocolate, peanuts, cocoa, tomato juice, grapefruit juice, apple juice, soda (acidic and contains phosphorus), all types of tea, and coffee (high levels of oxalate). In the United States, the South has the highest incidence of kidney stones, a region where sweet tea consumption is very common. Other drinks are associated with decreased risk of stones, including wine, lemonade and orange juice. Although it has been said that the diuretic effects of alcohol can result in dehydration which is important for kidney stones sufferers to avoid, there are no data demonstrating an effect of it to increase the prevalence of stones. It is important to recognize that one of the recognized medical therapies for prevention of stones is thiazides, a class of drugs usually thought of as diuretic. These drugs prevent stones through an effect independent of their diuretic properties: they reduce urinary calcium. Nonetheless, their diuretic property does not preclude their successful use as stone preventive. Caffeine does acutely increase urinary calcium excretion, however coffee, with its high oxalate content, has been known to cause stones in some patients and should be used in extreme moderation.

A high protein diet may partly be to blame. Protein from meat and other animal products is broken down into acids. The most available alkaline base to balance the acid from protein is calcium from the bones. The kidney filters the blood and stores the calcium particles which have bonded with the acids. When more meat or dairy is eaten, more calcium is found in the kidneys. Over time, and when not properly removed, these particles bind together to form stones. One of the simplest fixes is to moderate animal protein consumption.

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